Knowledge Management at NASA - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2427 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AT NASA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency for United Stages, which is responsible for the Nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. The knowledge Management (KM) at NASA is considered to be very important since the knowledge is the primary resource to create the competitive value for the organisation. In this respect, this report will describe the key knowledge areas along with some of tools based on IT and Socialisation for managing the areas. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Knowledge Management at NASA" essay for you Create order After this research it became clear that such an intelligent agency as NASA has quite a few flaws in knowledge management. For instance, Lessons Learned System seems to be a good idea to prevent from knowledge loss as people retire and take with them tacit knowledge, but for some reasons this valuable system is not working efficiently and is not used by the managers. The system is funded enormously, but is not doing the job. These tools, however, could not pursue the aim of its KM without the healthy knowledge sharing environment within the organisation. With incentives such as rewards and recognition for the best knowledge sharing staff, the members are encouraged to share their expertise with others and through establishing separate structural role such as Office of Chief Knowledge Officer; Knowledge management at NASA can be kept under control. After discussing the changes in regards with Knowledge Management over the last five years, the report will be concluded with a few recommendations for the future of NASA. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NASA KNOWLEDGE AREA IT TOOLS FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISATIONà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S USE OF SOCIALISATION-BASED TOOLS FOR MANAGING KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE SHARING CLIMATE WITHIN THE ORGANISATION CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES NASA KNOWLEDGE AREA NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is an agency that is responsible for all science and technology in the United States, and particularly specialises on airplanes and space. Its work is divided into three main categories: aeronautics, science and human exploration and operations. NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge area is quite wide. Satellites help ordinary people as well as scientists to gain more knowledge about space and Earth. Astronauts carry out scientific research in orbit. Also, space probes study the solar system, and beyond. New scientific developments improve air and space travel. Moreover, NASA is beginning a new program to send humans to the Moon, Mars and even beyond. Most importantly, along with just mentioned main functions, NASA shares what it learns, so that the obtained knowledge can make life better for people all over the world. For instance, any company can use NASA discoveries to create new spinoff products. However, NASA, in its own w ebsite, defines main knowledge areas as: Aeronautics: manages research focused on meeting global demand for air mobility in ways that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable, while also embracing revolutionary technology from outside aviation. Human Exploration and Operations: focuses on International Space Station operations, development of commercial spaceflight capabilities and human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit. Science: explores the Earth, solar system and universe beyond; charts the best route of discovery; and reaps the benefits of Earth and space exploration for society. Space Technology: rapidly develops, innovates, demonstrates, and infuses revolutionary, high-payoff technologies that enable NASAs future missions while providing economic benefit to the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . NASA has been for a long time and was assembled from several existing federal agencies and organisations for the primary purpose to overrun Russia in space race in 1957. The cold war is long over, but NASAs knowledge area remains the same for decades: space science, aeronautics. IT TOOLS FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT NASA, even though, having so many intelligent people working for it, for many years and even now is still facing many embarrassing failures. So, in 2000, the United States Congress, which also funds NASA, directed the agency to develop appropriate knowledge management tools to reduce the possibility of miscarriages in future and to address impending retirements which were becoming serious problem as retirement also meant that people who had most valuable tacit knowledge were going to retire without sharing that knowledge with novices and younger managers. Up until 2002, most knowledge management tools at NASA were information technology systems. The development and implementation of these IT systems was sponsored by senior level CIO Lee Holcomb. NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s formal mechanism for sharing lessons learned across the agency was its Lessons Learned Information Systems and it contained lessons from the operation or design of particular missions and project elements. LLIS is one component of NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s larger knowledge management and sharing system, which includes the online NASA Engineering Network (NEN), NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Academy of Program/Project and Engineering Leadership (APPEL) training, ASK Magazine, the Masters Forum, and the annual Project Management Challenge seminar. Several NASA centres maintained LLISs geared toward their own staff and project managers had to review on an ongoing basis. Leonard, Kiron (2002) found in their research that managers actually were reluctant sharing negative lessons for fear that they might not be viewed as good project managers, and that was little time for lessons learning to take place. In a 2002 report General Accounting Office revealed that there were significant inadequacies in the effectiveness of LLISs. The main causing concern finding was that managers do not routinely identify, collect, or share lessons. Instead, managers chose program reviews and informal discussions with colleague s as their primary sources for lessons learned. One of the reasons why managers were not using LLIS was because the lessons covered so many topics that it was difficult to search for an applicable lesson. Another important IT tool for managing knowledge is NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s website, www.nasa.gov, which, according to Leonard, Kiron (2002) encompasses more than 4 million Web pages, thousands of databases and electronic repositories, and millions of online reports. Having this huge amount of knowledge it was up to knowledge management team to make it useful to internal and external agency constituens. For internal use, Holmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (CKO of NASA) team developed Inside JPL and inside NASA pages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" customisable portals that staffers used to search efficiently for information they needed on an ongoing basis. These pages could be tailored to access project related information from all over NASA, universities, industries. In addition, several Web-based too ls were being developed to facilitate collaboration among project team members who were spread across centers. In the past 5 years, even though, everybody agrees, that LLIS is not working efficiently, there have been no significant changes or improvements. Only talks and audit reports that NASAs knowledge management IT tools have to be improved. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISATIONS USE OF SOCIALISATION-BASED TOOLS FOR MANAGING KNOWLEDGE In a contemporary competitive society, discovering new tacit knowledge and sharing existing tacit knowledge are considered to be vital for an organisation in order to survive from severe competition. The tacit knowledge are often exploited through socialisation process, which means that the knowledge is created and synthesised by joint activities such as face to face meetings and brainstorming groups. In the case of NASA, in which the tacit knowledge is considered to be the primary resource of knowledge due to the nature of the organisation as explained earlier, there are three distinctive mechanisms facilitating socialisation to gain tacit knowledge, namely, Federal Knowledge Community, Knowledge sharing workshop and PaL (Pause and Learn). Recently, NASA has introduced a web-based knowledge management system called Knowledge Map. It is basically a virtual space that enables users to find the right information in short period of time by organizing the area of expertise and th e knowledge from the expertise in systematic way using map. It shows how diverse the expert knowledge areas are possessed by NASA and the current projects are being introduced. The experts, however, could not just grow by themselves. Underneath of Knowledge Map, there are strong knowledge network and community of practice. These are the mechanisms using socialization to support Knowledge Management system. On March 28th 2014, NASA experts quarterly official meeting called Federal Knowledge Community (2014) was held at Pentagon. In this meeting, all the knowledge experts, over forty participants, from diverse knowledge areas voluntarily brought together and shared their knowledge not only by giving a presentation of specific area of expertise but also by informally mingling each other. It is certainly beneficial for NASA since engaging in such a meeting, the participants may obtain valuable knowledge and the host may also be able to gain a new wisdom relating to management of comm unity. Another socialisation based mechanism that NASA uses for KM is Knowledge sharing workshops. In this workshop (Goddard, 2014), most of participants are the project managers who really want to acquire the practical knowledge to manage their project successfully and they come together in the workshop discussing the current project management lessons and experience. The interesting feature of this seminar is that the discussion is not recorded and the issue that could be talked in that is varies. It helps the participants actively engage in the discussion and learn from each other. The last but not the least socialisation based mechanism is PaL (Pause and Learn). It is a proven technique that enables team members to identify the issue facing to the team and resolve the problem by informally engaging in a group discussion. In the discussion, it is often led by an outside facilitator in a way that he/she leads an attention on 5 clear questions. What did we intend to do? What worked well, and why? What didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t work well, why? What did we learn from this? And what should we change? By answering these questions among members, it bridges the knowledge gap between members and makes the team as a whole to see the problem from the different perspective. These socialisation based mechanisms are fundamental mechanisms that enhance NASA to be more innovative and effective in a way that it helps the members become more aware of the issues in their projects and they are one of the best mechanisms of sharing tacit knowledge. Socialisation based mechanisms in last five years have been improved. For example, remote collaboration through tools and team training has been implemented by developing Web-based collaborative environment. KNOWLEDGE SHARING CLIMATE WITHIN THE ORGANISATION Some activities at NASA centers have sought to find ways to encourage knowledge sharing. For example, scientists at NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Langley Research Center were monetarily rewarded if knowledge they capture and share are reused. However, even NASA recognises that rewards should be part of its initial priority are for knowledge management, it still has not yet initiated any agency wide incentives for knowledge sharing. Other than having the incentives, the factors that compose the knowledge sharing environment in NASA are the specific organizational role in Knowledge Management. In NASA, there is a separate department supporting KM, Goddard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Office of the Chief Knowledge Officer. In the official website for Goddard (2014), introduces itself as a responsible centre assuring NASA keeps its value in a learning organization. The major role of the department is to design, develop and deploy meaningful learning activities, so that the NASA personnel can benefi t from and enable to develop themselves in achieving NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategic goal. The socialisation based tool that has presented previously is the main activities that were developed in the department. By having a specific department and developing the activities, NASA promotes the knowledge sharing environment into a practice. The clear vision of this department can be evident from the interview with Edward Rogers, (Michael 2009) the Chief Knowledge Officer for NASA. In his interview, he states that his view of successful KM is like a good pair of shoes, in a sense that, NASA has to find the way that KM system could fit in the particular needs for the organization and make it deliver the organization to better place in a competitive environment. In other words, it is crucial for Office of Chief Knowledge Management to focus on creating healthy environment that promotes knowledge sharing in order to support KM. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS NASA, as one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most authoritative organisations, has a rather healthy knowledge management system, but it still clearly needs improvement. According to our findings, the agencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expensive IT knowledge sharing system is not working the way it should and definitely needs more attention. Perhaps, more developed incentives system would encourage employees to use LLISà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s more often and share their valuable tacit knowledge instead of taking it with themselves when retiring. However, only explicit, widespread support from top down will create the type of culture where knowledge sharing is commonplace. This type of encouragement has begun but yet to fully emerge, mainly because many NASA managers are not certain that knowledge loss is a crucial problem. REFERENCES Charles S. 2014. Powered by Mission.Government Executive. Vol. 46, Issue 1 Federal Knowledge Management Community, NASA, assessed 20 May 2014, https://km.nasa.gov/14th-quarterly-federal-km-working-group-meeting/ Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, assessed 20 May 2014, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/PaLBrochre(1).pdf Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, assessed 20 May 2014, https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/about/organizations/OCKO/about/index.html Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Knowledge Sharing Workshops, assessed 20 May 2014, https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/about/organizations/OCKO/workshops/index.html#.U4GdrPl_t8F Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Pause and Learn, assessed 20 May 2014, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/PaLBrochre(1).pdf Hernandez C. Sh. 2012. Knowledge Management at the Jet Propuslios Laboratory: History, Potential,and Challenges. The Public Purpose. Vol. II, pp 61-67. Hoffman E., Boyle J. 2013. Tapping Agency culture to Advance Knowledge Services at NASA. [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.astd.org/Publications/Magazines/The-Public-Manager/Archives/2013/Fall/Tapping-Agency-Culture-to-Advance-Knowledge-Services-at-NASA. [Accessed 26 May 2014]. Lengyel, D. M. Newman, J. S. 2010. Managing Risk on the Final Frontier. Defense ATL. Vol. 39 Issue 3, Special section p46-50. 5p. Leonard D., Kiron D. 2002. Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Harvard Business school. Liang M., 2009, An Interview with Edward Rogers, NASA ¸ Goddard Space Flight Center, assessed 20 May 2014, https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/pdf/471704main_KMDC-EWRinterview2009.pdf Lipowitcz A. 2012. Is NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge management program obsolete? [ONLINE] Available at:https://gcn.com/Articles/2012/03/15/NASA-knowledge-management-IG.aspx. [Accessed 26 May 2014]. Luttrell A. NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s PMO: Building and Sustaining a Learning Organisation. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.pmi.org/Knowledge-Center/Articles/NASA.aspx. Accessed 26 May 2014]. Office of Audits. 2012. Review of NASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Lessons Learned information systems. [ONLINE]. Available at: https://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY12/IG-12-012.pdf. [Accessed 26 May 2014]. Rogers E.W. 2013. The knowledge management journey. [ONLINE] Available at: https://appel.nasa.gov/2013/08/11/the-knowledge-management-journey/. [Accessed 26 May 2014].

Essay Bullies Born or Created - 1816 Words

Bullying is a word that is frequently heard and seen in all kinds of media; newspaper headlines, on TV, Facebook and all other forms of social media. It is common to read that a teenage girl commited suicide due to bullying. Bullying is everywhere: in schools, at home, on the internet, in the streets and even in the work place. Bullying is referred to as a specific form of injurious violence, related to short and long term emotional hurt. Bullying can take a number of different forms. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) recognize four types of bullying: physical bullying, verbal bullying, hidden bullying and cyber bullying. (National Centre Against Bullying, 2010)†¦show more content†¦Some researches show that some bullies have natural violent and restless personalities from the beginning of their infancy. Others say that bullying is a learned behaviour. This research paper discusses two general approaches debating the reasons for bullying. On one side of the debate, nature researchers believe that increased aggressive behaviour can be caused by genetic factors and hormonal disturbances in the human body. On the other side of the argument, the nurture team believes in John Locke’s the â€Å"blank-slate theory† which says that a childs perception of and reaction to the world is the outcome of his own personal experiences and observations (Pinker, 2002). Are bullies born or raised debate The argument of those who claim that bullying is made by nature is based on biological researches, studies and experiments. The other side adopting nurture focuses on social and environmental issues that cause an individual to be bully. Bullies Are Born Debate Psychiatrics and scientists, who support the approach that bullies are born, admit that some children are born with brain disorder known as the â€Å"callous-unemotional personality†. 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The Taming of the Shrew; Is Kate Tamed Free Essays

Katherina may be a shrew, but Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew does not truly show a study of how a selfish, spoilt individual is made to conform to society’s expectations, or be tamed into a ‘proper’ woman. At the end of the play, Katherina is not, necessarily, tamed – she just realizes what she must to do in order to get the things she wants. Two main examples of her submitting to Petruchio in order to achieve her desires are in Act 4, scene 5, (the sun versus moon scene) as well as Act 5, scene 2 (the kiss me kate scene and her final monologue). We will write a custom essay sample on The Taming of the Shrew; Is Kate Tamed? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Act 4, scene 5, the audience is shown a major part of Petruchio’s ‘taming’ process. Petruchio exclaims: â€Å"Good Lord, how bright and goodly shines the moon! † (iv, v, line 3, page 185). It is, of course, the sun shining brightly, as Kate rightly corrects him. When Petruchio threatens Kate by telling her that they will not proceed on their journey to her father’s house unless she agrees with him, Kate is smart enough to realize that the only way to continue on the trip would be to comply. She readily agrees with Petruchio, quite respectfully and subserviently, in fact. Even when Petruchio counters her agreement with â€Å"Nay, then you lie. It is the blessed sun† (iv, v, line 20, page 187) Kate manages to control her anger and, once again, agrees with him. The audience is aware that Kate knows Petruchio is using this ‘obedience’ strategy as a way to tame Kate and that she seems to have caught on to his tactic. By showing her self-control during that moment, instead of having an outburst, it is obvious that Kate outsmarted Petruchio. She is not, at all, tamed; simply able to get the things she wants in a calmer manner. Instead of taming her, Petruchio has taught her new ways of achieving the things she wants. As well, in Act 5, scene 2, Kate is also shown to be manipulating the situation around her while appearing â€Å"tamed†. When the couple is heading towards Lucentio and Bianca’s wedding dinner, Petruchio pauses in the street and asks Kate to kiss him. She is a little appalled at his forward behaviour and questions him briefly. â€Å"What, in the midst of the street? †¦ / No, sir God forbid, be ashamed to kiss. † (v, ii, line 148, 149, page 205). Again, she is threatened with having to return home instead of joining in the festivities, and Kate gives Petruchio a kiss. This obedient kiss may indicate Petruchio’s power over her, but it was clear to Kate that if she did not give him the kiss he asked for, she would not have been allowed to proceed to the wedding feast. Kate is sm art and cunning and she manipulated his yearn for her tameness in order to do everything that she wants to while making him happy and pleased. In addition, Kate’s final monologue, also in Act 5, scene 2, tells the audience a lot; about the play itself, as well as the society in Shakespeare’s era. On face value, Kate’s final monologue seems to be a long lecture about serving your husband, no questions asked. â€Å"Then vail your stomachs, for it is no boot, / And place your hands below your husband’s foot† (v, ii, lines 92-3, page 221). However, Shakespeare gave Kate the last word in the play, a sign of her consistent power and control. As well, her monologue can be perceived as quite ironic. Kate is aware of the beliefs about how women in the household should act and, as clearly portrayed throughout the entire play, the role Petruchio has been trying to get her to fill. By playing along fullheartedly with society’s expectations, in front of the large audience of guests, Kate becomes â€Å"truly tamed† – or just incredibly clever. By teaching Bianca and the widow how to treat their husbands properly, she is deemed tamed. â€Å"‘Tis a wonder, by your leave, she will be tamed so. v, ii, line 206, page 221). Now, Kate has cleared her reputation. The Taming of the Shrew shows how shrewd Kate changes – but she never morphs into the Elizabethan wife Petruchio, and all the other characters, thinks she becomes. Instead, she learns how to manipulate situations in order to get the things she desires without having large outbursts and a sour attitude. This Shakespeare comedy is a laugh at soc iety’s expectations, as it shows how a powerful woman, Kate, outsmarted her arrogant, Elizabethan husband. Katherina: How to cite The Taming of the Shrew; Is Kate Tamed?, Essay examples

Male reproductive system review questions free essay sample

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatozoa. It happens inside the testicles, specifically, in a round shaped structure of the testicles called seminiferous tubules (Sherwood., 2012). Once the spermatozoids are produced, they are transported to the center point of the tubule with a specific end goal to be transported to the epididymis, where the spermatozoa progression process will go to its last stage (Sherwood., 2012). Spermatozoids are male gametes, male sex, reproductive cells (Sherwood. , 2012). They are haploids meaning they contain half the DNA (Sherwood., 2012). When the spermatogenesis, takes place the 46 chromosome somatic cells are able to change into 23 chromosomes sexual cells (Sherwood., 2012).a) Name of the first stage: Proliferative phaseNotes on key processes:Otherwise called the spermatogenic stage. Sort A spermatogonia are shaped from a germ mother cell that will divide mitotically to produce the sort B spermatogonia (Sherwood. , 2012). When men get to puberty, these cells will divide several times to produce a spermatocyte cell (Sherwood. We will write a custom essay sample on Male reproductive system review questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , 2012). While the splits are underway some cell changes occur (Sherwood., 2012). This stage is known as proliferative stage due to the sheer amount of mitosis that takes place (Sherwood., 2012). The fundamental objective is to create however many spermatozoa precursor cells as possible, creating a high volume of spermatozoa (Sherwood., 2012).a) Name of the second stage: Meiotic phaseNotes on key processes:The meiotic phase is also known as spermatocytogenesis. Within this stage, an alternate cell division happens (Sherwood., 2012). Such division is the meiosis, which splits the genetic information into the half, creating haploid cells called spermatids. Meiosis can be split into two sub-stages (Sherwood. , 2012). Meiosis I is where primary spermatocytes split into two secondary spermatocytes (Sherwood., 2012). Meiosis II is where every secondary spermatocyte splits into two spermatids, creating four spermatids (haploid) are getting from the first primary spermatocytes (diploid) (Sherwood., 2012). These cells are progressively starting to take after spermatozoa, they even have a little flagellum (Sherwood., 2012). b) Name of the third stage: spermatogenesis (Oliveira and Alves, 2015).Notes on key processes:Spermatogenesis is the last phase of the spermatozoa development process. The maturation of spermatids happens at this stage (Sherwood., 2012). The flagellum increases in size, offering rise to the flagellum that will permit its progression (Sherwood., 2012).On the other hand, the head containing the nucleus of the spermatozoa decreases in size and paddle-shaped, a component that happens due to the cytoplasm reduction, the nucleus enlarging and the acrosome creation (Sherwood. , 2012). When spermiogenesis completes, spermatids are completely formed into spermatozoa and are discharged into the seminiferous tubule (Sherwood., 2012).

History of Interior Design

Free Essays on The Gold Rush And Its Impact On California

The Gold Rush and it’s Impact on California The Gold Rush had a major impact on California economically, demographically, and socially. â€Å"The boom† a term used in a time of quick growth and prosperity was the ideal definition for the gold rush. It certainly paved the way for California to be the most prosperous and diverse state in the union. The American dream had moved out west and was now redefined. It was the California dream that now enticed immigrants from all over the nation and even the world to flock to California. Without the Gold Rush the history, as we know it today, would have been changed. In the early 1840s, California was a terrain that yet needed to be developed. San Francisco was a small port town of about a few hundred residents. This all changed when James W. Marshall a man working for John Sutter has discovered on Sutter’s land â€Å"some kind of mettle†. It was later discovered that the metal that they found was indeed gold. At that moment the word that gold was in the hills of California spread like a disease. The opportunity of instant wealth gave men across the nation and even the world a reason to move to California. Many prospectors made it rich and those who didn’t helped California to prosper economically. They helped by construction and other services that strengthen California’s economy. There was a great migration during the Gold Rush and those who migrated were said to have â€Å"The Fever†. â€Å"The Fever† was the thirst for gold and prosperity. It was also the determination to get to California just to have the opportunity. It was â€Å"the fever† that affected California demographically. After the announcement of gold had been confirmed, over 40,000 prospectors came to California within the first two years. It was a revelation, but development fell behind. In San Francisco there would be â€Å"thousands upon thousands of dollars worth of every kind rotting in the st... Free Essays on The Gold Rush And It's Impact On California Free Essays on The Gold Rush And It's Impact On California The Gold Rush and it’s Impact on California The Gold Rush had a major impact on California economically, demographically, and socially. â€Å"The boom† a term used in a time of quick growth and prosperity was the ideal definition for the gold rush. It certainly paved the way for California to be the most prosperous and diverse state in the union. The American dream had moved out west and was now redefined. It was the California dream that now enticed immigrants from all over the nation and even the world to flock to California. Without the Gold Rush the history, as we know it today, would have been changed. In the early 1840s, California was a terrain that yet needed to be developed. San Francisco was a small port town of about a few hundred residents. This all changed when James W. Marshall a man working for John Sutter has discovered on Sutter’s land â€Å"some kind of mettle†. It was later discovered that the metal that they found was indeed gold. At that moment the word that gold was in the hills of California spread like a disease. The opportunity of instant wealth gave men across the nation and even the world a reason to move to California. Many prospectors made it rich and those who didn’t helped California to prosper economically. They helped by construction and other services that strengthen California’s economy. There was a great migration during the Gold Rush and those who migrated were said to have â€Å"The Fever†. â€Å"The Fever† was the thirst for gold and prosperity. It was also the determination to get to California just to have the opportunity. It was â€Å"the fever† that affected California demographically. After the announcement of gold had been confirmed, over 40,000 prospectors came to California within the first two years. It was a revelation, but development fell behind. In San Francisco there would be â€Å"thousands upon thousands of dollars worth of every kind rotting in the st...

The minimum age to vote, drive, and serve in the military in US Research Paper

The minimum age to vote, drive, and serve in the military in US - Research Paper Example Young adults from the age of 18 are allowed to join the military and defend the country, for example, during Vietnam War many young Americans from the age of 18 participated in the war. The legal age for alcohol consumption in US is 21, before 1984, the legal drinking age was 18 and it was later on changed in the course of the year to 21 through the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (Koroknay 2005). The drinking age was increased because of several reasons that I will also explain this article. Due to the changes in the ages, I believe it is unethical that the United States government allows its citizens to vote, drive, and serve in the military a full three years before they are allowed to consume alcohol. Before 1971, the voting age in US was 21, Senator Kennedy raise the matter of the age arguing that it is wrong for young adults to join the military and defend the country but they cannot vote since the minimum age of serving in the military during that time was 18. Kennedy receives overwhelming support from the senators and he took the mater to senate committee for constitution amendment. The bill passed and the age was reduced to 18. Another argument was that young adults pay taxes when they buy any item, some work and they are eligible to be given driving license, so why can’t they vote. Many school students across US during that time were lobbying for the voting age to be lowered to 18. The president of the nation youth’s rights association argued that in the society, young adults take part in many things such as paying taxes or being charged of crime so they should be allowed to vote. He went ahead and argued that if young adults are allowed to vote it will add rea l meaning and relevance to social studies and civics subjects in school which taught before the age of 18 (Christopher and Dobkin 2011). When the voting age is lowered, it is a liberal action, this is because it will create more opportunities for younger adults to have a say in the formation of the government. If the age is increased, it will become a conservative action because young adults will not have the wisdom and experience to know what is good for them (Christopher and Dobkin 2011). This change in voting age is just a change in the liberal direction and currently people are changing their attitudes towards equality and rights. The critics of the idea argued that young people lack the required level of knowledge and complexity to make informed decision on electing leaders; many believe that young people can be swayed easily by politician to vote for them irrespective of their character. One of the main critics about the idea was Curtis Gans who is the director of committee fo r the study of American Electorate (). He thought that it is a dumb idea if the voting age was lowered to 18 since at that age, a person can be drafted and die for the country. At the same time, young adults at the age of 18 lack life experience and do not understand the issues facing a country in details. In the American history, the right to vote has expanded vigorously to be more inclusive, and this come as a result of hard political battle by the disenfranchised group who are demanding for political representation. When US constitution was drafted in 1789, only the white people was allowed to vote and later the constitution was amended to allow the black vote (Traci, Toben, and Lenk 2009). In 1920, the 19th constitutional amendment

Business to business marketing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business to business marketing - Article Example The Coca-Cola Company is one of the largest organizations in the world. It has many branches and franchises across the world that do the production on its behalf. Once the production is completed, the company normally distributes the finished products to the various wholesalers. The wholesaler organizations normally make their buying decisions based on the areas they are located and their sales turnover. For instance, if the sales turn over is low, the organizations will not buy much of the drinks. The space they have available for storing the goods will also influence their buying behavior. In most cases, the Coca-Cola Company does most of the marketing but indirectly on behalf of the wholesalers. The company markets directly to the customers. The customers will in turn buy more from the wholesalers who will then be able to make a buying decision from the producers and the various franchises. Therefore, the company stimulates its business to business sales by directly marketing to t he customers and the ramification of this is that the wholesalers and retailers will be influenced to buy the

Analysis of USPS Business Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of USPS Business Model - Essay Example It is currently employing more than 574,000 workers. It is legally permitted to render service to all the Americans without considering their geographical location. The company is well known for its quality services along with the uniform price. The agency has an access to the letterboxes which are marked as the ‘US Mail’ and also to the personal letterboxes in the country. Services Offered The United States Postal Services offer a wide range of services. It has bulk mail procedures available which provide discounts to the customers. It provides personal mails to the customers. The company also provides inter-departmental details regarding the UALR mails. It provides the services of campus delivery of the mails and state courier services. It provides media mail services to the customers as well. There are some other facilities provided to the customers like the business rely mails, postal money order services etc. Current Position of the Company United States Postal Serv ices is responsible for providing employment to a large number of people in the United States. After the federal government and Walmart, United States Postal Services is the third largest company in respect of providing employment (Bovard, 1985). It operates the largest number of vehicles in the whole world and is known as the largest vehicle fleet. The Department of Defence jointly operates with the United States Postal Services to provide services to the Army and Air Forces (the Army Postal Services) and the Navy (the Fleet Post Services). The two big competitors of USPS are UPS and FedEx. They compete with the company in providing postage delivery services, making urgent deliveries in the domestic land. DHL express was the third largest competitor of USPS until it stopped its operations in the United States in the year 2009. The National Postal Forum held in 2007 revealed that the Postal Service has highlighted and undertaken a large number of initiatives to improve the services and gain a remarkable position in the United States parcel industry. The low price offerings made by USPS is making it easily affordable by the customers. The company generates annual revenue of $73 billion whereas UPS and FedEx have annual revenue of $48 billion and $32 billion. Thus it is in a leading position in the market. Domestic and International Services The United States Postal Services provide domestic as well as international services in the United States. Domestic Services- Domestic services include weekday’s delivery of postal services to any particular customer’s address or Post Office Box or any delivery in the Army and the Military in the United States. It provides express mails which guarantee overnight deliveries to most locations. It is one of the fastest postage services offered by the USPS. There are several other facilities provided to the customers like first class mails, bulk mails, media mails etc. International Services- The United States Post al Services provides various facilities to the customers in order to meet their international shipping needs. The Global Express Guaranteed Service (GEGS) guarantees delivery within three days in more than 190 countries all over the world by FedEx. The First Class Mail Service is the best suitable international service for most of the customers. However, the delivery time in this service depends upon the destination of the delivery. The Express Mail International provides a combination of quick services and affordable prices in almost 185 countries. The delivery time lies within three to five business days. Challenges faced by the Company The delay in the delivery of services was one of the problems faced by the customers. This problem was arising frequently. The company conducted an analysis in

Obesity: Causes, Effects and Treatments

Obesity: Causes, Effects and Treatments Obesity , is one of the common and serious disease over the world. There must be cases of obesity no matter in urban or rural area, as it is a widespread and escalating concern. It does not just happen in adults as children also may have the possibility because they are less concern about their health nowadays. Obesity is actually a condition whereby abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health and also the genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to control when dieting. For the rate of obesity has been increasing in both adults and children. Obesity has twice increment around the world since 1980 and more than 1.4 billion adults, 20 and older were overweight. From these overweight adults, it has over 200 million men and approximately 300 million women were obese. According to a hefty new analysis from the Global Burden Of Disease Study 2013, it is stated that the number of overweight and obese people rising from 857 million in 1980 to 2.1 billion in 201 3. However, the rate change greatly throughout the world . More than half of the world’s 671 million obese individuals living in only ten countries, which is 15% combined at China and India, more than 13% at USA, Egypt, Brazil, Pakistan, Mexico, Russia, Germany and Indonesia. USA, one of the high-salary countries, has the highest increases in adult obesity, where approximately one third of the adult population are obese. In Australia, it is estimated around 28% of men and 30% of women are obese, and in UK is about a quarter of the population are obese. [ Refrence 1,2 ] There are mainly many risk factors of obesity. Obesity is mainly due to the overindulging unhealthy diet and eating habits. Many people just eat whatever they like without concern about the value of nutritious. Nowadays, many fast food outlets are opened and it is getting more and more all around the corner of the world. Those fast foods are a diet which is high in calories and the trans fats contained may raise the LDL cholesterol, or known as bad cholesterol and leads to heart attack or any other cardiovascular diseases. Examples of such food high in trans fats include French fries and cheese. Eating canned food and drinking too much sugary drinks or alcohol will also cause obesity, as the food and drinks contain high value in fat and sugar. Eating in a large portion and habits of comfort eating are also not good, since forcing yourself to eat much will cause an incomplete digestion. In order to reduce this risk, a healthy and balanced diet must be well-planned daily. A healthy and balanced diet should be consist of 7 main classes of food and the most important thing is to eat more vegetables and fruits. Reduce the intake on foods that are high in sugar and fat and you can also try replace kilojoule heavy desserts with fruits. Eat in a proper portion too to maintain a healthy body and weight. Other than that, lack of physical activity is also the vital factor leads to obesity. Nowadays, many people have jobs that involve sitting at a desk for most a day and also hectic lifestyle. They also rely on transportation such as bus or car rather than walking or cycling. Sometimes, even when the peoples have stress, the ways they choose to relax is by watching TV, playing computer games, and also surfing the internet. This kind of lifestyle can be known as sedentary lifestyle and so did not burn the calories in their body. Besides, if the energy provided by food is not used, the extra energy intake will be stored as fat in the body. Hence, regular exercise must be don e because it helps in burning away the calories in human’s body. To maintain a good health, moderate intensity exercise should be done for at least 1 hour most days of the week. During the day, simple exercise such as take the stairs and also get up often from your chair or sofa may helps too. [ Refrence 3,4,5] Obesity normally occurs when adipose cells, which adipose cells are cells that provide storage for extra energy, are increasing absurdly in size and also the number (hyperplasia). An increase in the size of adipose cell is called hypertrophic, while an increase in number of fat cell is known as hyperplastic. Thus, an increase in hypertrophic or hyperplastic resulting in obesity. Besides, adipose cells also follow a normal pattern of growth and development. For infance, adipose cells more developed and each cell grows greatly, which resulting in hypertrophic or hyperplastic obesity. While for adulthood, a person usually has a normal number of adipose cells, but there is large amount of fat in each cell. In certain extreme cases, adult-onset obesity can be both hypertrophic or hyperplastic. Then, the fat cells do not disappear in adult state once it developed. Furthermore, obesity also develops regularly as weight is gained over a period of time. When amount of energy which also means calories consumed in food and drinks exceed the energy used for exercise and metabolic processes in body, weight gain will occur. This is also known as positive energy balance. The excess energy will be stored as fat. Each kilogram of fat stores around 9000 kcal. When body needs more energy than available from food, the fat can be lost or reduced from the energy stores. This is well known as negative energy balance. So, a lack of energy balance may eventually cause obesity. [ Refrence 6,7 ] Obesity has significant effects for health and it is linked to a wide range of diseases. One of the disease that is normally caused by obesity is coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease is usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart. This layer of build-up acid is normally accumulated from the food that we eat daily. Foods contain high fat value will eventually build up the fatty deposit called atheroma. It is also made up of cholesterol and other waste substances. Once the atheroma build-up on the walls of the coronary arteries, this will make the arteries become narrower and reduce the blood flow to the heart muscle. This process is called atherosclerosis. If more severe, obesity can lead to heart failure which your heart cannot pump enough blood to meet your body requirement. In addition, type 2 diabetes is also one of the health problem caused by obesity. Those who are obese are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes disease . Being overweights will add more pressure on body’s ability to control blood sugar using insulin and so makes it much more likely to develop diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, body produces insulin but its insulin cannot be used properly. The body overproduce insulin at first to keep the blood sugar normal. But overtime, this cause the body to lose ability to produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar level at a normal rate, and will eventually lead to kidney failure and heart disease. Furthermore, obesity may also lead to high blood pressure, which is known as silent killer.The blood wessels need to circulate more blood to the fat tissue, as the extra fat tissue in the body needs nutrient and oxygen to survive. Due to this, the workload of the heart will be increasing because more blood is needed to pump through the additional blood vessels. The more the circulating blood, then there is more pressure on the wall of the artery. Consequently, the higher pressure on the artery wall will increase the blood pressure. [ Refrences 8,9,10] There are actually several ways to treat obesity. Obesity can be cured either by drug therapy or bariatric surgery, as it is a more effective treatment. For drug therapy treatment, there are two types of drug which are recommended as it can be used for long-term, which is orlistat and sibutramine. Orlistat is a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor which helps to reduce patient’s weight around 3 kg on average and also decrease patients to be high risk in diabetes. It will be effective if low-calorie diet is alongside the treatment. In orlistat way of treatment, the fat is absorbed and digested into body. It then works on small intestine and stomach to avoid the action of two enzymes found in digestive juices. The enzyme is normally to break down the fat which consumed in meal. So, orlistat block the fat from being digested as it will passed out as faeces instead of being absorbed into body. Another drug, sibutramine which is known as a monoamine-reuptake inhibitor, can help to red uce weight and the mean of weight losses is around 4-5 kg, but is related to increase of pulse rate and blood pressure. Sibutramine is called as appetite suppressants in medication class and it works to decrease appetite by acting on appetite control centers in the brain. Furthermore, bariatric surgery , also known as gastrointestinal surgery helps to reduce weight in a rapid way, by altering the digestive process. The operation can be divided into two that is malabsorptive and restrictive. Malabsorptive weight loss surgery exclude almost all of the nutrients of small intestine from digestive tract to decrease amount of nutrients and calories absorbed. For restrictive weight loss surgery, it creates a narrow passage from the upper part stomach to larger lower part to reduce the intake of food and also slowing the passage of food to stomach. [ Refrence 11,12,13 ] In conclusion, obesity disease should be more concerned and awared by everyone in the society as this disease increasingly on the rise nowadays. So, everyone must have well-planned for a health-enhancing lifestyle. Bad habit must be quited as fast as possible to save own life for a good health. There is a saying that healthy food is not tasty but however this is the golden phrase which leads everyone to a long-life span. References Obesity and overweight http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ [ Accessed 1 October 2014 ] Obesity rates climbing worldwide, most comprehensive global study to date shows. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 28 May 2014. Available at www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140528204215.htm [ Accessed 1 October 2014 ] Causes of obesity. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/basics/causes/con-20014834 [ Accessed 2 October 2014 ] Mahshia Dehgan, Noori Akthar-Danesh, Anwar T Merchant. 2005. Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Available from http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24 [ Accessed 2 October 2014 ] Causes of obesity. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx [ Accessed 2 October 2014 ] David Jone. Development Of Obesity. Available from http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Development_Of_Obesity.html [ Accessed 3 October 2014 ] Obesity. How Obesity Develop. http://www.acumedic.com/onestophealth/obesity.htm#article [ Accessed 3 October 2014 ] Health Risk Of Overweight And Obesity. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/risks.html [ Accessed 3 October 2014 ] Coronary Heart Disease. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Causes.aspx [ Accessed 3 October 2014 ] Health Effects Of Obesity. http://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/healthy-living/obesity/symptoms.html [ Accessed 3 October 2014 ] Paul E O’Brien, Wendy A Brown and John B Dixon.2005. Obesity, weight loss and bariatric surgery. Available from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/183/6/obesity-weight-loss-and-bariatric-surgery [ Accessed 7 October 2014 ] Orlistat. http://www.patient.co.uk/medicine/Orlistat.htm [ Accessed 7 October 2014 ] Weight loss surgery. http://www.obesityhelp.com/content/wlsurgery.html [ Accessed 8 October 2014 ]

Ozone :: essays research papers fc

Ozone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Triatomic oxygen, O3, is most commonly known as ozone. It has a resonance structure, and can be drawn in two different ways:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O=O-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O-O=O It is a bluish, explosive gas at room temperature, and has a boiling point of -119 °C. It has a melting point of -193 °C, and is a blue liquid. It's critical temperature and pressure are -12.1 °C and 53.8 atm, respectively. It has a pleasant odor in concentrations of less than 2 ppm, and is irritating and injurious in higher concentrations. The density of ozone gas is 2.144 g/L, and the density of ozone as a liquid is 1.614 g/mL. It is extremely unstable, and solutions containing ozone explode upon warming. It is found in varying proportions on Earth, but it is about 0.05 ppm at sea level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation in the upper atmosphere, and protects humans from skin cancer. But ozone is also the main ingredient of smog, and causes serious health effects and forest and crop damage in the lower atmosphere. Ozone is formed through the chemical reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide, in the atmosphere, in the presence of sunlight. This reaction is called a photochemical reaction, because sunlight is required. The product is known as smog. The notorious brownish color of smog is due to nitrogen dioxide of the mixture. Increased temperature stimulate the reaction, which is why ozone conditions are worse in the summer. It is an oxidant, meaning it takes electrons away from other molecules, and disrupts key structures in cells by starting chain reactions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ozone is a serious national problem. Half of the largest urban areas in the United States exceed the ozone standards. The worst regions in the US include California and the Texas Gulf coast, and the northeast and the Chicago- Milwaukee area during the summer. The ozone condition varies from year to year, as the temperature and weather fluctuate. This fluctuation also occurs throughout the day, as emissions from morning traffic builds up, the levels rise. Ozone emissions come from many things, such as automobiles, gas stations, power plants, dry cleaners, paint shops, chemical manufacturing pants, oil refineries, and other business that release volatile organic compounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The health effects of ozone are chest pain, coughing, wheezing, lung and nasal congestion, labored breathing, sore throat, nausea, rapid breathing, and eye and nose irritation. The symptoms occur when the levels of ozone are only slightly higher than the legal standard. Living in San Diego during my elementary school year, I personally felt the effects of ozone; the tightness of the chest, wheezing, and labored breathing on certain hot, humid days.

A Nursing Research Critique Essay

McGrath, M., Lyng, C., & Hourican, S. (2012, September). From the simulation lab to the ward: Preparing 4th year nursing students for the role of staff nurse. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 8(7), e265-e272. The length of the title of the study is important. According to Connell Meehan (1999), the title should be between 10 and 15 words long and should clearly identify for the reader the purpose of the study (Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., Ryan, F. 2007). Parahoo (2006) said that titles that are too long or too short can be confusing or misleading (Coughlan et. al. 2007). The title of the study â€Å"From the simulation lab to the ward: Preparing 4th year nursing students for the role of staff nurse† is consist of 18 words. The title maybe too long and does not clearly reflect or represent the variables used in the study. A research problem is often first presented to the reader in the introduction to the study (Bassett and Bassett, 2003). The problem was not stated clearly in the introduction of the study. However, the authors have referred to it as the purpose of the study. In either case the statement should at least broadly indicate to the reader what is to be studied (Polit and Beck, 2006). The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between management styles and nurses’ retention at private hospitals using the Likert’s Profile of Organizational Characteristics to: (1) measure the nurses’ perception of management styles in their work unit; (2) to allow nurses to briefly describe the management system as they perceived being practiced in the organization; (3) and to give them an opportunity to indicate which management system do they desire in the future, all of which were given to staff nurses in in-patient units in different hospitals. It is significant in the nursing practice and administration since it is focused on the management styles and retention of staff nurses. The researchers presumably stated that Managers who retain staff start by communicating clear expectations to the nurse. It is said that they share their picture of what constitutes success for the nurse with regard to both the expected  deliverables and the perform ance of their job. These managers provide frequent feedback and make the nurse feel valued. When a nurse completes an exchange with a manager who retains staff, he or she feels empowered, enabled, and confident in his or her ability to get the job done. A research hypothesis is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment (Shuttleworth, 2008). It must be a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study (Cherry, 2012). However, there was no mention of a hypothesis in the study. Also, its absence was not justified. A literature review is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing scholarly materials about a specific topic (Sage, 1998). There should be clear links between the aims of the research study and the literature review, the choice of research designs and means used to collect data, the discussion of the issues, and its conclusions and recommendations (Nordquist, 2009). In terms of this, the study has various references that can reinforce their research statement. Before the study was conducted in three private hospitals, permission to conduct the study was obtained from the ethical committee of the Faculty of Nursing, as well as directors of the studied hospitals to collect necessary data. However, it is not indicated in the study if they followed the principle of confidentiality and full disclosure during the data gathering. Complete confidentiality of information provided by the subjects will not be publicly reported or accessible to others (Polit & Beck, 2008). The design used in the study is correlation-descriptive. A correlational study is a method designed to determine if two or more variables are associated with each other. Descriptive method is used to describe the present behavior or characteristics of a particular population. The population and sample were described sufficiently. In addition, Roscoe (1975) suggested some simple â€Å"rules of thumb† for selecting appropriate sample sizes based on an analysis of acceptable confidence levels in behavioral research studies (Alreck & Settle, 2010). The general recommendation is that sample sizes be at least 30 and need not be larger than 500 (at 500, sample error will not exceed 10 percent of the standard deviation about 98 percent of the time). Furthermore, within this range of 30 to 500, it is appropriate to sample 10 percent of a population (Alreck  & Settle, 2010). The population size of the study is 228 which are within the limit of Roscoe’s Rule of Thumb. The instrument utilized was the Profile of Organizational Characteristics (POC), which was in an 8-point likert scale. According to Chomeya (2010), an 8-point Likert Scale is appropriate to research that has several variables because it will make the test as a whole. An 8-point likert scale prevents bias present in a 5-point scale (Chomeya et. al. 2010. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic and was tested for relevance and reliability. Cronbach’s alpha was used and it yielded 0.89, which indicates good reliability. After obtaining consent, the data collection was done which included three phases. During the first phase, the researchers obtained a list of number and names of all nurses. All of those that are obtained are interviewed and oriented with regard to the study and the concern of the instrument to be used. The second phase commenced 9 months after the first phase. Data were collected from director of nursing and head nurses about the numbers and name of nurses who had quit and reasons for leaving their units. The reasons are then classified into obligatory and non-obligatory reasons. Nurses’ retention was calculated in the last phase by subtracting the number of nurses who had quit the hospitals from the total number of nurses available during data collection, divided by the total number of nurses and then multiplied by 100. A rule of thumb is that studies that are descriptive in design only use descriptive statistics (Polit and Beck, 2006). Inferential statistical tests are used to identify if a relationship or difference between variables is statistically significant. Inferential statistics, which are based on the laws of probability, provide a means for drawing conclusions about a population, given data from a sample. In the study, the researchers performed data analysis using SPSS version 11.5 for Windows using descriptive and inferential statistics. The researchers clearly defined what statistical tests were undertaken and why these tests  were used. To enhance readability researchers frequently present their findings and data analysis section in tabulated forms of data by categories. This can help the reviewer determine if the results that are presented clearly answer the research questions. The flow in the discussion of findings is also logical and it is related to the literature review thus placing the study in context. The significance of the findings should be stated but these should be considered within the overall strengths and limitations of the study (Polit and Beck, 2006). The researchers have explored the clinical significance and relevance of the study and the implications of the study are well stated, and the researchers impose recommendations with regard to their conclusion.

Fitting Quotations

Fitting Quotations Fitting Quotations Fitting Quotations By Maeve Maddox Incorporating direct quotations effectively is an important writing skill. Here is an example of an ill-fitting quotation in an article about media doctor Mehmet Oz who was recently the subject of a Senate hearing. It’s from an article by Terrence McCoy in The Washington Post (print and digital): â€Å"I recognize that oftentimes they don’t have the scientific muster to present as fact,† Oz said at a U.S. Senate hearing, adding that he â€Å"personally believes in the items I talk about in my show.† One obvious problem with this example is the use of pronouns that don’t go together. Not so obvious is the fact that the quotation differs from what Oz actually said. Quotation marks represent a covenant between writer and reader, a promise that the words enclosed by them are exactly what the person being quoted said. Here’s the original response to Senator McCaskill’s question: I actually do personally believe in the items I talk about in the show. In quoting Oz’s original statement, the writer has fallen into a crack between direct and indirect quotation. The word he is outside the quoted material, but the writer (or editor) has added an -s to believe to make it agree with he. Without noticing that the pronoun I does not fit with the preceding he, the writer adds a my that was not in the original quotation. The writer could have reported the words as an indirect quotation, putting only part of it in quotation marks: he â€Å"personally believes† in the products he talks about in his show. Or, he could have introduced the quotation with a colon: â€Å"I recognize that oftentimes they don’t have the scientific muster to present as fact,† Oz said at a U.S. Senate hearing, adding: â€Å"I actually do personally believe in the items I talk about in the show.† A quotation should not be dropped into an essay or a news article without adequate introduction. It should agree grammatically with surrounding text, reproduce the exact words that were said, and it should not stand alone. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesStory Writing 101Grammatical Case in English

Brazil An Economy Recovering From Chaos essays

Brazil An Economy Recovering From Chaos essays Brazil earned the reputation of being a miracle economy in the late 1960s when double-digit annual growth rates were recorded and the structure of the economy underwent rapid change. Since 1981, however, Brazils economic performance has been poor in comparison to its potential. The countrys dramatic reduction in output growth, which averaged an annual GDP growth of only 1.5 percent over 1980-93, reflected its inability to respond to the events of the late 1970s and 1980s. Some events that took place during this period were: the oil shock, increases in real interest rates, the debt crisis, and the resulting cutoff of foreign credit and foreign direct investment. These shocks, in combination with poor management of public finances and heavy state intervention, resulted in large fiscal deficits at state and federal levels. Even if the fiscal deficits were reduced after 1990, deviating policies generalized indexation, and exchange rate management contributed to keeping inflation high and increasing. Monthly inflation skyrocketed from 3 percent in the late 1970s to 50 percent in mid-1994. The countrys income distribution, already poor, worsened drastically in the 1980s. Against these conditions, the success of the Real Stabilization Plan in effect since mid-1994, which has reduced inflation to an annualized rate of about 15 percent, stand out noticeably. Growth rates were satisfactory in 1994 and 1995 at 5.8 and 4.2 percent, respectively (Page 45-47). From Portugals discovery in 1500 until the late 1930s, the economy relied on the production of primary products, such as sugar cane for exports. Portugal subjected it to a strict enforced colonial pact, or imperial mercantile policy, which for three centuries heavily restricted development. The colonial phase left strong marks on the countrys economy and society, lasting long after independence in 1882. Significant changes began occurring only late...

Leading Organizations and Competing in a Global Flat World Essay

Leading Organizations and Competing in a Global Flat World - Essay Example Adaptation to changing requirements while maintaining standards is a challenge of the present. Organizations cannot stay stagnant, they have to perform in a dynamic environment and are forced to continually learn in order to survive. A central concept taken into consideration in the present analysis is the 'learning organization'. The concept stresses that organizations have the ability to improve their bottom-line results and embrace new requirements by developing a culture of learning and adaptation. This can be done with best results, as will be argued further on, at a cultural level, the level of mental models (or views on organizational realities). But it can also be implemented at the individual level, with strategic implication for the career. The concept of learning organization is strictly connected to the concept of quality, referring both to the end products of an organization as well as to its overall activity and performance. Different organizations have different perspectives on quality (different models), each allowing a degree of learning capacity. The ideal, is the total quality mental model diffused in the culture of learning organizations, which states that quality represents a transformation that acts on a deep level within the organization, changing the way people think and work together, what management values and rewards, the way success is measured: "all of us collaborate to design and operate a seamless value-adding system which incorporates quality control, customer service, process involvement, supplier relationship, and good relations with the communities in which we operate" (these being inferior or partial levels of understanding of the concept of quality) (Albert 49). In today's ever changing business and social environments, organizational design is a serious challenge for all managers, irrespective or organization size. Managers recognize that organizational design is critical to performance and must accommodate change and new market or social requirements. This is why career planning has become so difficult. The overall learning behavior of an organization depends on its entire structure, not merely on the sum of its parts. It is important to focus on the whole rather than on specific events that can be misleading. The broader scheme of things is always determined by a complex set of factors. What lacks from the picture is the relationship between parts, that can determine complete different outcomes. Organizations are open systems that relate to their environments and learn from them. There is a circular relationship between the overall system and its parts. There are some patterns that repeat over and over again in a given system. Learning fr om the past receives whole new meanings from this perspective. A careful analysis is capable of determining trends of development and predicting specific directions of evolution. This can be achieved only by taking a look at the whole, at the entire system. But in order to transform the vision shared by an organization, all the mental models of its members have to be slowly directed to a coherent common view on key functional areas of the organization. And a change of this size can only be done at a cultural level. The corporate culture is a vital part of the corporate identity, along with the corporate overall goal, the objectives, the organizational structure

Comedy Of Errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comedy Of Errors - Essay Example The actions were perfectly organized by the set designer Nina Ball. From the first moment of the play, the audience was hypnotized with the songs and cues, approximating the action to the present days. The touching scene was a shipwreck, which separated the family and created the intrigue over the plot. The role of Dromeo twins was perfectly played by Danny Scheie. The main female characters – Adriana (Nemuna Ceesay) and Luciana (Tristan Cunningham) represented the brilliant scene getting the best lines and the total affection of the audience. Costumes designer Beaver Bauer surprised the audience with the simplicity of dresses suitable for the comical style of the play. The main theme of the play is the loss of individuality represented by the characters of twins. The production concept helps to understand the themes and values of the play. Shakespeares works in the forms of drama, comedy or tragedy are unique because they cover the psychological aspect of the personality. All the production elements came together perfectly to form one whole artistic piece. The play contains a deep interest in the person’s nature, his feelings, inspirations and passions, sorrows and numerable mistakes. Shakespeare’s plays are often really metaphorical and his verves might be difficult to understand. The comedy has some contextual meaning devoted to love, though he term â€Å"love† is not really used in the play. All of us realize what love is and have experienced it at least once in a lifetime, but it is often difficult to define the meaning of love and put the perception of this phenomenon into words. It is even understood differently by people. Rationalists and the adherents of science claim it to be just a chemical reaction in the human brain; cynics insist that this feeling is a disease, but the comedy manages to show it as an art, whereas the author

Discuss issues in accounting measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Discuss issues in accounting measurement - Essay Example izations in making their financial statements among other things, they are viewed as problematic because most of them have to be derived (Neely, 2007, pg. 98). An analysis done with regards to the International accounting Standard Board shows that the use of fair measurement base in financial accounting is likely to increase. The increase of using the fair value as a measurement best will help in the transformation of the way assets including intangible assets and liabilities are measured. Financial accounting measurements are recorded at historical or adjusted cost to the market values through adjusting entries. Management accounting uses measurements to help in calculating the number of labour hours needed or the cost of materials used to produce goods and services. When determining management accounting measurements accountants use special cost allocation methods such as standard costing, job process costing or Activity-based costing. There is no specific method that is used by accountants as the measurements depend on the entity and how they conduct their business. Therefore, accountants determine the best accounting measurement method by identifying and reviewing each production procedure and breaking down the procedures into allocation drivers. Measurement accounting is a continuous or never ending process make it relevant in accounting for its users because each day there are new standards that are set by the ISAFB and FASB. Additionally, it is an evolutionary process because different bodies use different practices in the world for their external financial reporting. By so doing, they use different approaches to measurements in that, different jurisdictions have developed their financial reporting requirements that are influenced by the differences in the uses made for financial reporting information found in regulation and business environments. Measurement accounts evolve even within one jurisdiction because different approaches are adopted by

Financial Ratios and Division Managers Essay Example for Free

Financial Ratios and Division Managers Essay The front desk receptionist routinely takes an extra 20 minutes of lunch to run personal errands. Agency Problem: she took an extra 20 minutes to do her personal errands instead of working, which she puts her own self interests before the best interests of the company. Occurred cost: the salary that the company pays to her. The solution would depend on the boss on her work performance in the past. If she has an important personal errand to do during that time, then boss might need to talk to her and explain the solution for her. This problem can be final dealt by clocking-in and clocking-out even time for lunch hours. B) Division managers are padding cost estimates so as to show short-term efficiency gains when the costs come in lower than the estimates. Agency Problem: Division managers use their authority to mislead information and a problem exists when management and stockholders have conflicting ideas on how the company should be run in short-term. It will mess up the management in order to plan costs. Also it might ruin the number balance sheets and which could affect future gains. This might mean that the division managers who wish to engage in capital expenditures can now secure a short-term benefit from lower estimates. Occurred cost: The solution is management should monitor division managers performance and might give managers the performance shares which result in meeting the stated performance goals. These goals must be more efficient and accurate in order for management to plan goal to generate profit. Agency cost: By reducing and by providing appropriate incentives to align the interests to division managers. C) The firm’s chief executive officer has secret talks with a competitor about the possibility of a merger in which he would become the CEO of the combined firms. Agency Problem: The chief executive officer risks negative behavior because of dealing with the competition and did not involve his company’s best interests. He is putting his needs of planning a secret merger with his competition, which most likely can result potential profit for him, and possibly his company, if the merger is a positive one. Since he knows that his merger will occur (due to the fact of his direct â€Å"under the table† dealings with his competition), he can then go forward openly with his own company to promote the merger. Occurred cost: The CEO should know himself and the risks of CEO overconfidence. His behavior results in exactly this type of good faith mismanagement of the business. It is very important that the company should continue improving both legal and non-legal mechanisms that remedy conflict-of-interest problems by guarding against looting, fraud, and other forms of corporate corruption and disloyalty and by incentivizing managers to maximize shareholder value. The added challenge for corporate governance is to move beyond managerial motives to account more for human psychology and how managers actually behave and make business decisions when they are well-intentioned. D) A branch manager lay off experienced fulltime employees and staffs customer service positions with part-time or temporary workers to lower employment costs and raise this year’s branch profit. The manager’s bonus is based on profitability. Agency Problem: the branch manager created the personal goal to get more bonuses which depends on profitability and did not look into the company’s performance. Occurred cost: the management should be able to see that profitability does not come from sales. The cross section analysis helps the analyst to find out as to how a particular firm has performed in relation to its competitors. Time-Series analysis evaluates performance overtime by comparing current to the past performance. To look at significant year-to-year changes may be symptomatic of a major problem. Time series analysis helps to the firm to assess whether the firm is approaching the long-term goals or not. The Time series analysis looks for (1) important trends in financial performance (2) shift in trend over the years (3) significant deviation if any from the other set of data. So, I will compare the actual year 2007, 2008 and 2009. Liquidity by look at the current ratio and quick ratio that evaluating the speed with which certain accounts are converted into cash and its look at the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations. As actual year 2009 the current ratio (2. 48) and quick ratio (1. 35) higher than the industry average and the higher is the better for company. If we look at the balance sheet we will see that the current asset and the current liability is decreased which is the big decreased from accounts payable. This shows that Marin Manufacturing Company have enough quick assets to pay off all current liabilities. Activity It shows relationship between the sales the assets. By evaluate inventory turnover, average collection period, and total asset turnover. As the inventory turnover of the Marin Manufacturing Company is less the industry average which I recommends that the company should manage inventory more efficiently. The average collection period is higher than both industry average and the past year which the manager should emphasis on the collection to decrease this number. It means that they have to change their policy of lending business for more efficiency of debt collection. The total asset turnover for the actual year is 1. 6 which more then the past year but it still less than the industry average. So, the company needs to increase sakes to meet the industry average. Debt can analyze by debt ratio and time interest earned ratio. The debt ratio of actual year 2009 is higher than the industry average it continue increasing since year 2007-2008. Its means that the company has high leveraged and might borrows more money in the year 2008. Also the higher debt ratio means higher risk for lenders and investors. For the time interest ratio which decrease from year 2008 at 1. 9 to be 1. 6 in year 2009 and lower than industry average it means the company might facing the risk that cash flows from operations will be insufficient to cover interest and principal payment. Profitability by evaluate gross profit margin, net profit margin, ROA and ROE. Gross Profit Margin is measuring how much amount is left to meet other expenses earn net profit which actual 2009 is at 27% that higher than the industry average (26%). Its mean that the company has high ability to sell goods at intended selling price. At 0. 65 % of net profit margin that decrease from 1. 1 % in 2007 to 1. 0% in year 2008 and less than industry average (1. 2%) that create low safety to the company. The higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and might result in net loss. The ROA and ROE both in year 2009 are decreasing to be less than the industry average and decresing from the past year. This show that the managerment is not managing asset effeicincy or assets are not being utilized effectively and lower ROE might caused by high debt. It seem like when this company are not very attractive for invertor if they looking at return on stockholders investment which is decreasing to be lower than industry averange. Market can analyze from P/E ratio and M/B ratio. For P/E in year 2009 is 34. 4 compare with the industry average at 43. 4 which lower and if compare to the past year it lower than year 2008. It means that investors are not perceive good growth potential of Marin Manufacturing Company.

The Monk Essays -- Essays Papers

CHARACTER ANALYSIS The Monk When one thinks of a monk, he may imagine someone who studies, prays, and performs manual labor. The Monk, one of the thirty pilgrims travelling on a pilgrimage to Canterbury in The Canterbury Tales, is nothing like the usual monk many people imagine. He is rebellious, ignores rules, and lives and controls his own life. Chaucer, the narrator and author of The Canterbury Tales, shows these characteristics in the way the Monk looks, the things he says and does, and in the things the host, a character in "The Monk's Prologue," and Chaucer say about him. The Monk is nothing like the usual monk many people imagine. He hunts hares and rides horses instead of studying, praying, and working. He does not follow the rules of the monastery which say that monks should not hunt, be reckless, nor leave the monastery. Instead,they should study and perform manual labor. The Monk ignores these rules. Chaucer shows that the Monk does not care about the rules when he says, "He yaf nought of that text a pulled hen"(Norton, p.85) and when he says, "Of priking and of ...

The One and Only :: essays research papers

Here at Archiving Early America, you will discover a wealth of resources -- a unique array of primary source material from 18th Century America. Scenes and portraits from original newspapers, maps and writings come to life on your screen just as they appeared to this country's forebears more than two centuries ago. As you browse through these pages, you will find it easier to understand the people, places and events of this significant time in the American experience. I honestly don't think I have ever seen a better movie than American History X in my entire life! I may only be 14, but I have seen a lot of movies. I am an avid fan of them, and this one just takes the cake. Edward Norton is just unbelievable. He is the most talented actor I've ever laid eyes on. His performance in the movie is phenomenal. He delves so deep into his character that he can convince the whole audience easily of his neo-nazi role. The look on his face as he walks back from killing one man in the first seen is purely horrifying. The entire move was dramatic, intriguing, and powerful. It really is moving and emotional as well as scary. It is so true to life, and provides the viewer with such insight into the life and events that create a monster such as Derek Vinyard. It answers many questions I have long awaited an answer to such as what could possibly make someone act as Derek did in this movie, yet left open-ended many others that people such as myself may have. Almost every single scene in the movie was extremely captivating. I can't even go on to say more about the acting, other than if Edward Norton does not win best actor this year, I will go absolutely nuts. It's bad enough he lost it to Cuba Gooding Jr. when he was in Primal Fear, which was yet another incredible performance by him. Edward Furlong, the little kid from T2 is astounding as the confused brother of Derek. I was stunned walking out of the theater after seeing American History X, and I don't think I will ever have the benefit of seeing another movie as good as this one as long as I live.

Soil Liquefaction Dangers During Arthquake

Ground shaking and shifting can cause major damage, tearing apart houses, buildings, and roads. †¢Flooding that arises from broken water dams or river levees is another hazard. †¢Tsunamis, triggered by an undersea earthquake as well as seiches – waves coming from lakes shaken by a temblor – can submerge whole communities, sweep away edifices, topple trees and drown people. †¢Fire is another seismic hazard. It can flare up from broken gas and power lines, or from overturned wood, coal, or gas stoves. But there’s another major earthquake danger that not many are familiar with. Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon that occurs when soil mixes with groundwater during a moderate or strong earthquake, turning the ground into quicksand in minutes. Soil Liquefaction in Low-Elevation Areas Because the soil must be saturated for liquefaction to take place, it is more likely to occur in low-lying areas that are near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, bays and oceans. It happens most often in areas with sandy soil, where water takes hours to wend its way through the tiny channels of the mixture. More resistant to liquefaction are large-grained, permeable soils like gravel, which drains quickly, and clay soil, where particles are packed closely together.. It was in 1964, when earthquakes shook Niigata, Japan, and Anchorage, Alaska, that soil liquefaction was recognized as a major cause of earthquake damage. Scientists have since linked it to major historical earthquakes worldwide. Soil liquefaction inflicts great damage to property. Since the ground is too unstable to withstand pressure, anything resting above the mush—a building, a bridge, a house, a pier, a runway, a nuclear power plant, an earth dam—may lean, tip over, split open, or sink several feet. Ways to Reduce Soil Liquefaction Risks What can be done if a soil has been identified as susceptible to liquefaction? An undergraduate research paper written by Alisha Kaplan lists three ways to reduce liquefaction risks when constructing new buildings and structures. †¢Avoid building on liquefaction-susceptible soils. Besides soil tests, vulnerable places can also be pinpointed by investigating past events in an area. Soils that had liquefied in previous seismic events can liquefy again if another quake occurs. †¢Erect liquefaction-proof structures. If construction on weak soil cannot be avoided, the structure’s foundation should be designed to resist the damaging effects of liquefaction. The building must be made ductile, equipped with adjustable supports, and constructed to withstand large deformations and span soft locations on the ground. †¢Improve the soil. Improvements should increase ground strength, density and draining capacity. Installing vibroflotation, vertical wick drains, compact piles, and stone columns can lower the possibility of liquefaction. Soil liquefaction cannot be taken lightly, especially by those living in suspected liquefaction-prone areas. With earthquakes seemingly in the news more often, it serves residents and authorities alike to take a look around them and assess if they are standing on firm ground, literally. Taking safety measures in advance can save lives and property should a calamity strike.

Free Essays on Communication And Race

Communication and Race The most critical aspects of media performance with regards to race and ethnicity are issues that relate to the quality of its representation of the lives of people of color. Accuracy and diversity are aspects of media performance that will allow for a careful evaluation of how it represents people of color. Evaluating media performance is important because of the utilization and reliance on the mass media for much of society's reflexive monitoring and evaluation of reality. The performance of mass media is important in regards to race and ethnicity because the mass media are the primary source of indirect or mediated experiences that reinforce racial attitudes and beliefs that are integrated into cognitive structures (Gandy, 1998). Thus, mass media can be viewed as places where reality is constructed and racism may be reproduced. Accuracy Accuracy is an important aspect of media performance to consider in assessing the quality of its representation of the lives of people of color be cause of its assumed consequences of developing self-image and personal identity and its reflection of social reality that informs social policy (Gandy 1998). Shan and Thorton (1994) state that previous research of minority groups has shown that minorities are sometimes depicted as being "violent, primitive, and politically unsophisticated." Furthermore, they postulate that certain types of behaviors among minorities may be "understood by whites as pathological or deviant" because of how the news media represent them. This representation is inaccurate because it ignores historical context and structural explanations for social trends. In addition, Shan and Thorton state that newsmagazines reproduce racism by perpetuating a racial hierarchy carried out by mainly whites and consumed by mainly whites that positioned blacks at the bottom. Entman (1990) found that local news stimulated the production of modern racism. Violent crimes comm... Free Essays on Communication And Race Free Essays on Communication And Race Communication and Race The most critical aspects of media performance with regards to race and ethnicity are issues that relate to the quality of its representation of the lives of people of color. Accuracy and diversity are aspects of media performance that will allow for a careful evaluation of how it represents people of color. Evaluating media performance is important because of the utilization and reliance on the mass media for much of society's reflexive monitoring and evaluation of reality. The performance of mass media is important in regards to race and ethnicity because the mass media are the primary source of indirect or mediated experiences that reinforce racial attitudes and beliefs that are integrated into cognitive structures (Gandy, 1998). Thus, mass media can be viewed as places where reality is constructed and racism may be reproduced. Accuracy Accuracy is an important aspect of media performance to consider in assessing the quality of its representation of the lives of people of color be cause of its assumed consequences of developing self-image and personal identity and its reflection of social reality that informs social policy (Gandy 1998). Shan and Thorton (1994) state that previous research of minority groups has shown that minorities are sometimes depicted as being "violent, primitive, and politically unsophisticated." Furthermore, they postulate that certain types of behaviors among minorities may be "understood by whites as pathological or deviant" because of how the news media represent them. This representation is inaccurate because it ignores historical context and structural explanations for social trends. In addition, Shan and Thorton state that newsmagazines reproduce racism by perpetuating a racial hierarchy carried out by mainly whites and consumed by mainly whites that positioned blacks at the bottom. Entman (1990) found that local news stimulated the production of modern racism. Violent crimes comm...

Benjamin Bloom and Critical Thinking Skills

Benjamin Bloom and Critical Thinking Skills Benjamin Bloom was a U.S. psychiatrist who made several significant contributions to education, mastery learning, and talent development. Born in 1913 in Lansford, Pennsylvania, he exhibited a passion for reading and research from an early age. Bloom attended Pennsylvania State University and earned a bachelor’s degree and a masters degree, then he became a member of the University of Chicago’s Board of Examinations in 1940. He also served internationally as an educational adviser, working with Israel, India and several other nations. The Ford Foundation sent him to India in 1957 where he ran workshops on educational evaluation.   Model of Critical Thinking Blooms taxonomy, in which he describes the major areas in the cognitive domain, is perhaps the most familiar of his  work. This information is drawn from the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain (1956). The taxonomy begins by defining knowledge as remembering previously learned material. According to Bloom, knowledge represents the lowest level of learning outcomes in the cognitive domain. Knowledge is followed by comprehension, or  the ability to grasp the meaning of material. This goes just beyond the knowledge level. Comprehension is the lowest level of understanding. Application is the next area in the hierarchy. It refers to the ability to use learned material in new and concrete principles and theories. Application requires a higher level of understanding than comprehension. Analysis is the next area of the taxonomy in which  the learning outcomes require an understanding of both the content and the structural form of material. Next is synthesis, which refers to the ability to put parts together to form a new whole. Learning outcomes at this level stress creative behaviors with a major emphasis on the formulation of new patterns or structures. The last level of the taxonomy is evaluation, which concerns the ability to judge the value of material for a given purpose. The judgments are to be based on definite criteria. Learning outcomes in this area are the highest in the cognitive hierarchy because they incorporate or contain elements of knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, and synthesis. In addition, they contain conscious value judgments based on clearly defined criteria. Inventing encourages the four highest levels of learning- application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation- in addition to knowledge and comprehension. Blooms Publications Bloom’s contributions to education have been memorialized in a series of books over the years.   Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Bloom, Benjamin S. 1956.  Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Longman. Bloom, Benjamin S. 1956.  All Our Children Learning. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bloom, Benjamin S. 1980.  Developing Talent in Young People. New York: Ballantine Books. Bloom, B. S., Sosniak, L.A. 1985.   One of Bloom’s last studies was conducted in 1985. It concluded that recognition in a respected field requires 10 years of dedication and learning at a minimum, regardless of IQ, innate abilities or talents. Bloom died in 1999 at the age of 86.